The History of the City of Rome

Rome is the capital city of Italy, the home of the Vatican and the Papacy, and was once the center of a vast, ancient empire. It remains a cultural and historical focus within Europe. The Origins of Rome Legend says Rome was founded by Romulus in 713 B.C.E, but the origins probably predate this, from a time when the settlement was one of many on the Latium Plain. Rome developed where a salt trade route crossed the river Tiber en route to the coast, near the seven hills the city is said to be built on. It’s traditionally believed that the early rulers of Rome were kings, possibly coming from a people known as the Etruscans, who were driven out c. 500 B.C.E. The Roman Republic and Empire The kings were replaced with a republic which lasted for five centuries and saw Roman dominion expand across the surrounding Mediterranean. Rome was the hub of this empire, and its rulers became Emperors after the reign of Augustus, who died in 14 C.E. Expansion continued until Rome ruled much of western and southern Europe, north Africa, and parts of the Middle East. As such, Rome became the focal point of a rich and opulent culture where vast sums were spent on buildings. The city swelled to contain perhaps a million people who were dependent on grain imports and aqueducts for water. This period ensured Rome would feature in the retelling of history for millennia. Emperor Constantine instituted two changes which affected Rome in the fourth century. Firstly, he converted to Christianity and began building works dedicated to his new god, changing the form and function of the city and laying the foundations for a second life once the empire vanished. Secondly, he built a new imperial capital, Constantinople, in the east, from where Roman rulers would increasingly run just the eastern half of the empire. Indeed, after Constantine no emperor made Rome a permanent home, and as the western empire declined in size, so did the city. Yet in 410, when Alaric and the Goths sacked Rome, it still sent shocks across the ancient world. The Fall of Rome and the Rise of the Papacy The final collapse of Rome’s western power—the last western emperor abdicated in 476—occurred shortly after a Bishop of Rome, Leo I, was stressing his role as direct heir to Peter. But for a century Rome declined, passing between warring parties including Lombards and Byzantines (Eastern Romans), the latter trying to reconquer the west and continue the Roman empire: the draw of the homeland was strong, even though the eastern empire had been changing in different ways for so long. The population shrank to perhaps 30,000 and the ​senate, a relic from the republic, vanished in 580. Then arose the medieval papacy and a reshaping of western Christianity around the pope in Rome, initiated by Gregory the Great in the sixth century. As Christian rulers emerged from across Europe, so the power of the pope and the importance of Rome grew, especially for pilgrimages. As the wealth of the popes grew, Rome became center of a grouping of estates, cities, and lands known as the Papal States. Rebuilding was funded by the popes, cardinals and other wealthy church officials. Decline and Renaissance In 1305, the papacy was forced to move to Avignon. This absence, followed by the religious divisions of the Great Schism, meant that papal control of Rome was only regained in 1420. Striven by factions, Rome declined, and the fifteenth-century return of the popes was followed by a consciously grand rebuilding program, during which Rome was at the forefront of the Renaissance. The popes aimed to create a city which reflected their power, as well as deal with pilgrims. The Papacy didn’t always bring glory, and when Pope Clement VII backed the French against Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, Rome suffered another great sacking, from which it was again rebuilt again. The Early Modern Era During the late seventeenth century, the excesses of the papal builders began to be curbed, while the cultural focus of Europe moved from Italy to France. Pilgrims to Rome began to be supplemented by people on the ‘Grand Tour,’ more interested in seeing the remains of ancient Rome than piety. In the late eighteenth century, the armies of Napoleon reached Rome and he looted many artworks. The city was formally taken over by him in 1808 and the pope was imprisoned; such arrangements didn’t last long, and the pope was literally welcomed back in 1814. Capital City Revolution overtook Rome in 1848 as the pope resisted approving revolutions elsewhere and was forced to flee from his fractious citizens. A new Roman Republic was declared, but it was crushed by French troops that same year. However, revolution remained in the air and the movement for the reunification of Italy succeeded; a new Kingdom of Italy took control of much of the Papal States and was soon pressurizing the pope for control of Rome. By 1871, after French troops left the city, and Italian forces had taken Rome, it was declared capital of the new Italy. As ever, building followed, designed to turn Rome into a capital; the population rose fast, from roughly 200,000 in 1871 to 660,000 in 1921. Rome became the focus of a new power struggle in 1922, when Benito Mussolini marched his Blackshirts towards the city and took control of the nation. He signed the Lateran Pact in 1929, conferring on the Vatican the status of an independent state within Rome, but his regime collapsed during the Second World War. Rome escaped this great conflict without much damage and led Italy throughout the rest of the twentieth century. In 1993, the city had received its first directly elected mayor.

The Criminal Justice System - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3525 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Research paper Tags: Criminal Justice Essay Justice Essay Did you like this example? In this project, I shall talk about how a victim could be more empowered in the existing criminal justice system. I shall divide my project into 4 sections and a conclusion. In the first section, I shall talk about all the powers that have been given to the victim of a crime under the Criminal Procedure Code  [1]  . A victim can participate in both pre trial and post trial stages, the relevant sections of CRPC would be mentioned and explained. In the second section, I shall discuss how the judiciary has tried to protect the rights of the victims by mentioning a few judicial decisions. In the third section, I shall mention all the suggestions that have been made by 152nd Law commission report 154th Law commission report Malimath Committee 2008 CRPC Amendment to rectify the lacuna of the law. In the fourth section, I shall present my own views on the topic and end by an apt conclusion. SECTION 1 The Black Law Dictionary defines the victim as -The person who is the object of a crime or tort, as the victim of a robbery is the person robbed Any citizen  [2]  can set the criminal law in motion by launching a First Information Report  [3]  under Section 154 of the CRPC. A victim is included within the ambit of informant under Section 154. Thus we can conclude that the victim has been given the power to set the criminal law in motion. The basis on which an FIR can be filed is if the informant has definite information about a cognizable offence  [4]  that can be investigated by the police. Whether the information is one under Section 154 is a matter of law and is not open to the police officer to use his discretion in this matter  [5]  . The information can be in written or oral. If it is in oral then it has to be reduced in writing by the requisite authorities. What has been recorded has to be read over to the informant, it has to be signed by him and a copy of the FIR has to be handed to him f ree of cost  [6]  . If the police officer in charge refuses to file an FIR, then the informant can send the same information to the Superintend of Police in writing who, may, if satisfied that a cognizable offence has been committed, investigate the matter on his own or order someone to do so  [7]  . The power of the victim as an informant also extends to non-cognizable  [8]  cases. The informant is referred to the Magistrate under section 155(1). If the informant is not heard by the police in either a cognizable case or a non-cognizable case, and even the Superintendent of the Police fails to act on the complaint of the informant, then the informant can complain to the Magistrate who may take cognizance of the case under Section 190 of the CRPC. The Magistrate is required to take the informant on oath under section 200 of CRPC. The Magistrate is also empowered to order investigation under Section 202 of the CRPC for both cognizable and non cognizable cases. Once t he police investigation begins, the victim has no role to play except to come as an witness in the trial to identify the accused or any other material objects  [9]  . There are a few more provisions in the CRPC that may help the victims- Section 357- this section deals with order to pay compensation. On the face of it, it seems that perhaps it provides to remedy the injustice done to the victim of the crime. But this provision is as badly drafted as it could ever be. It talks of allocating the fine imposed by the court on the accused as compensation to the victim. But they are certain limitations as to what this compensation would be It could be used to pay off the prosecution expenses  [10]   in this case we can hardly count it as compensation to the victim as he is left with nothing. It can be used to compensate for any loss or injury caused by the offence only if such compensation is also recoverable in the civil court  [11]   the condition of the similar compensation recoverable under civil court puts unnecessary problems to the application of this provision If the convicted causes death, then damages can be recovered for the loss due to this death under the Fatal Accidents Act, 1855  [12]   this seems to be one provision that does justice Compensation has to be given to a bonafide purchaser of property who purchases it from someone who has got it through theft, misappropriation etc.  [13] If the above sections attempted to help the victim in any way, Section 357(2) just complicates matters even more by stating that no such compensation shall be awarded if the case in which fine is imposed goes on appeal. The compensation shall then be awarded only after disposal of appeal. We can very well imagine the problem with this section. As cases drag on for years in the court, the victim can do nothing but fight for justice and not even get compensated in the meanwhile. Wouldnt it have been a better idea to provide for some compensation to the victim even if the case goes on appeal? Also, if the court has not ordered any fine, then by virtue of Section 357(3) compensation can be given if person has suffered any loss or injury by the accused. This provision is sparingly used by the courts  [14]  . Section 357(5) hampers the aggrieved partys attempt get justice in the civil court as it states that any compensation granted under this section shall be deducted from compensation demanded by the victim in a civil case. Another provision is section 378(4) of the CRPC which allows the complainant to appeal against the order of acquittal of the accused in the case, if the High Court grants an application of special leave to it for such appeal. A victim is the aggrieved party in a criminal case, the one who has been harassed, tortured, hurt or even worse, raped. The victim is the one who goes through a mental trauma after the offence has been committed and he or she is the one who has to continue li ving post the trauma. He or she files a case to get justice, to see the person responsible for doing the harm to him incarcerated so that it might be easier for him to live. Doesnt providing justice to the victim then become the primary aim of the judicial system? How can any justice be provided if the victim plays no role after giving information about the offence, if it is not allowed to participate in the trial actively? What can be achieved if the victim just becomes a mute witness to the entire proceeding? It gets far worse in sexual offence cases, where the victim has to continually repeat the traumatic experience in front of unknown people so that the defence can take out inconsistencies in her account so that she can be termed a liar. A rape victims plight increases further when they are kept in legal custody such as nari niketans or protective custody on the pretext that they are required to give evidence.  [15]  This kind of detention has no legal basis.  [16]  The plight of victims is not just restricted to cases of sexual offences but to all types of cases. Is there any solution? SECTION 2 In this section, I shall briefly mention a few cases and analyse whether the judiciary has actually been able to increase the participation of the victim in the criminal justice system. I shall also discuss the recommendations of the various committees and the 2008 Crpc amendment. In order to reduce the plight of rape victims, the SC laid down some guidelines in the Delhi Domestic Working Women Forum Case  [17]  . It said that- Complainant should be provided with a legal representative who ought be well acquainted with the criminal justice system The job of this representative shall be to Explain nature of the proceedings Prepare the victim for the case Provide assistance in the police station and the court. Assistance in the police station shall be a must because the victim would be in a distressed state and a support of lawye r would be of great assistance. Provide guidance to the victim as to how help can be obtained from other agencies such as medical assistance The lawyer who is present at the police station should be present with the victim till the end of the trial The police is under the duty to inform the victim that it has the right to legal representation A list of advocates should be prepared who shall be willing to act in such cases. They should be made available at the police station as soon as possible for representing the victim in case her own lawyer is unavailable or the victim cannot engage such a lawyer. Such advocates might be appointed by leave of the court. However, since the leave might delay the process of giving information at the police station, they may act immediately. It is a sad fact that these remain as suggestions and have not been implemented. The court in P Rathinam v State  [18]  laid down the law with respect to cancellation of bail. Justice Thomas delivering the judgement held that the complainant (that could include the victim) or any other aggrieved party could file an application for cancellation of bail under Section 439 of the CRPC. Thomas J said that there was no provision in section 439 that prevented the aggrieved party from filing such application and that it was the discretion of the High Court to either reject or allow this application. Courts have also interpreted the meaning of Section 320 of CRPC as that no case can be compounded without the participation of the complainant.  [19]  The Supreme Court in SA Karim  [20]  case allowed the application of a father of a police officer, who had been killed by a forest brigand, to set aside the judgement of the Trial Court which had withdrawn the prosecution. The Supreme Court made a very important observation in the Ramchandra Rao  [21]  case. It said that if the victim was left without a remedy, then it may resort to taking revenge by unlawful means resulting in further increase in the crimes and criminals. This clearly brings out the fact that if the victim of the crime is not given a central role, then he shall become discontented and may develop a tendency to take law into his own hands in order to seek revenge and pose a threat to the maintenance of Rule of Law, essential for sustaining a democracy.  [22]  It is thus extremely important to satisfy the need of justice for the victim. It has also been held by the Supreme Court that the near relative of a victim, who is not a party to the proceedings, also has the right to file a Special Leave Petition under Article 136 of the Constitution to challenge an order of acquittal passed by the High Court.  [23] The court in Bhagwant Singh  [24]  case analysed the sections 154 and 173 of the CRPC. It held that since the informant had set the criminal law in motion, he is vitally interested in the result of the investigation. So the law required that the action taken b y the police officer-in-charge on the FIR should be communicated to him and any such report send to Magistrate under 173(2)(i) should also be given to the informant. It follows from this that if the Magistrate does not find enough evidence to take cognizance of the case  [25]  after the filing of police report and it decides to close the case then information of such closure has to be intimated to the informant. From the above discussion, I mention the changes the Judiciary has tried to bring about through its decisions Guidelines have been given for rape cases Power to apply for cancellation bail has been given to the victim The victim can now rightfully demand for the police report that is given to the Magistrate and if the Magistrate closes the case then he has to inform the victim. The valiant effort made by the courts to increase the role of the victim in the criminal justice system by interpreting clauses of the CRPC to favour it is still not enough. There is a lot that has to be done. These decisions have been mentioned to highlight that the judiciary has only limited power. The Constitution has only given it the power to interpret laws. The power to frame laws is not with the Judiciary. If there are no provisions that favour the victim, then the Judiciary cannot interpret the contrary. My point is that if the Legislature does not pass laws that can grant rights to the victim, then what the court said in the Ramachandra Rao case might someday become true. One cannot even rule out the possibility that perhaps it already has! That the failure of the Legislature has already led to birth of criminals from the injustice done to them. There have been various recommendations made for assisting the Legislature in this regard. The 152nd Law commission report suggested the introduction of section 357-A. It laid down the amount of compensation that could be given to the victim at the time of sentencing the accused. It said that- Rs 25000 be given in the case of bodily injury not amounting to death Rs 100000 be given in the case of death  [26] The 154th law commission report  [27]  also suggested incorporation of Section 357 A by providing a comprehensive scheme of payment of compensation for all victims fairly and adequately by courts. The heads of compensation suggested were Injury Loss/ Damage to property of claimant which occurred in course of his/her sustaining injury In case of death from injury resulting in loss of support to defendants The Malimath Committee Report made a lot of suggestions to ensure justice to the victims. They are extremely important. It said That the legal representative of the victim had the right to be impleaded in every criminal proceeding where the offence was punishable with 7 years or more In few selected cases notified by the government and with permission of the court, voluntary organizations could have a right to implead in court proceedings The v ictim had right to get lawyer of his choice and if he could not represent himself then it was the duty of the State to provide one.  [28] The committee also gave suggestions as to how the victims participation could increase the criminal trial. It said that the victim be allowed to- Produce evidence, oral or documentary with leave of the Court and seek directions for production of such evidence Ask questions to the witnesses or to suggest to the court which may be put as witnesses Know the status of the investigation and to move the court to issue directions for further to the investigation on certain matters or to a supervisory officer to ensure effective and proper investigation to assist in the search for truth. Be heard in respect of the grant or cancellation of bail Be heard whenever prosecution seeks to withdraw and to offer to continue the prosecution Advance arguments after the prosecutor has submitted arguments Participate in negotiations leading t o settlement of compoundable offences.  [29] Some other suggestions made by it were that- The victim shall have a right to prefer an appeal against any adverse order passed by the court acquitting the accused, convicting for a lesser offence, imposing inadequate sentence, or granting inadequate compensation. Such appeal shall lie to the court to which an appeal ordinarily lies against the order of conviction of such a court. Legal services to victims in select crimes may be extended to include psychiatric and medical help, interim compensation and protection against secondary victimization.  [30] The Malimath Committee even talked about compensation Victim compensation is a State obligation in all serious crimes, whether the offender is apprehended or not, convicted or acquitted. This is to be organized in a separate legislation by Parliament. The draft bill on the subject submitted to Government in 1995 by the Indian Society of Victimology provides a tentative fr amework for consideration. The Victim Compensation law will provide for the creation of a Victim Compensation Fund to be administered possibility by the Legal Services Authority. The law should provide for the scale of compensation in different offences for the guidance of the Court. It may specify offences in which compensation may not be granted and conditions under which it may be awarded or withdrawn.  [31] So did the Legislature do anything? The Legislature passed the 2008 Crpc amendment act. This act- Recognized the victim by suggesting the inclusion of proviso Section 2(w) which defined the victim. Also introduced the proviso to section 24(8) which talks about Special Public Prosecutors. According to this proviso, the victim could now appoint a lawyer of his own choice to assist in the case A new section 357-A was also introduced. It talked of a victim compensation scheme. It said that compensation could be provided to victims or his dependents who had suffer ed loss or injury as a result of the crime. It could also be provided to those who required rehabilitation. The decision to decide the quantum of compensation was to be with the District Legal Service Authority or the State Legal Service Authority. The trial Court could also grant compensation if it felt that it was not enough. It could also do so when acquittal had taken place and victim needed to be rehabilitated. If the accused could not be traced and no trial was taking place then the victims could own their own ask for compensation by application to the State or District Legal Service Authority. The authority had to give such compensation within 2 months after making its enquiry. The State or District legal service authority had been given the power to provide interim relief to the victim such as medical assistance etc. A proviso to section 372 was suggested that allowed the victim the right to appeal against a court decision if The accused was acquitted He was convicted for a lesser offence If inadequate compensation was given The suggestions made by the amendment are indeed a big step towards providing justice to the victim, however, they are inadequate. With all the debate that has revolved around greater victim participation there was more expected from the Legislature. There are two questions that I have with respect to the amendment- Even if the victim is allowed to appoint its own lawyer under Section 24(8), its relation with the public prosecutor appointed for the case has yet been left undefined. The problem that existed in this area was that even if such lawyer could be appointed, he had to perform as per the directions the public prosecutor.  [32]  This problem has not been rectified. The compensation procedure is indeed remarkable. But there is one flaw- if the victim makes an application for compensation to the District Legal Service Authority or the State Legal Service Authority and if they do not complet e the inquiry within 2 months and do not give him compensation, then what? No appellate tribunal has been given. The answer would be to go the court, I guess. But then my only question is- Would all victims be in a financial position to proceed with a case against these authorities? There are a few more things that should have been included in the amendment and have not been. I shall mention them all in my conclusion where I shall also comment what all is still left to be done to provide justice to the victim. CONCLUSION The 2008 Crpc amendment has not properly addressed the needs of the victim. There is much more that had to be included in it. One of the most important areas that needed change in the present criminal justice system was the inability of the victim to participate in the trial. This was not addressed by the amendment. Malimath Committee had made good suggestions on it with respect to it  [33]  and they were simply ignored. The other suggestions of the com mittee with respect to allowing the victims legal representative, voluntary organization to implead cases were also ignored. I reiterate that if justice has to be done to the victims of our criminal justice system then first and foremost, the victims participation in the trial has to increase. The suggestions of the Malimath committee have to be incorporated. The following should also be included within the victims power in the trial- Taking victims view with respect to framing of charge and passing order of charge Hearing victim when quantum of sentence is awarded to accused  [34] Along with this Protection of Section 160  [35]  CRPC should be extended to suspects Provision for in camera trials should be made especially when the victim is a child Legal aid should be provided to the victim Some provisions should be made to protect the victim from intimidation Provisions for proper rehabilitation of rape victims should also be made  [36] As can be seen a lot still has to be done. And it should start by first formally enacting the 2008 Crpc amendment which yet hasnt been enacted. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Criminal Justice System" essay for you Create order

Great Expectations A Synopsis - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 924 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/09/12 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? The worst prisons are those we create for ourselves. To what extent do you agree? Set in the l9th Century Victorian England, many of the main characters in Great Expectations are imprisoned either virtually or metaphorically. Magwich is an actual prisoner of the English penal system, and is also a prisoner of his own desire to revenge Compeyson and the class system. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Great Expectations: A Synopsis" essay for you Create order Miss Havisham ad Pip create prisons for themselves out of their own fixations and obsessions. It could also be argued that Pip and Estella are both metaphorically imprisoned by Miss Havisham and Magwitchs need to revenge. Although the description of Newgate is ghastly, and the effects of the prisons imposed upon Pip and Estella are difficult to overcome- the detrimental lite and psychological effects on Pip, Miss Havisham and Magwitch resultant of their self imposed prisons are the worst prisons of all, because they are so illusive and deceptive, that the characters often dont know of their existence until the damage is done. Through his exposure to Satis House and Estellas taunting malice, Pip becomes aware of his social inferiority, and thus sprouts the first seeds of discontent with his class. Like a distant yet alluring star, Pip is tantalised by Estellas wealth and beauty, and out of his exposure to her his all consuming obsession with becoming a gentelman emerges. Ironically, when this idea first emerged, Pip really had very little understanding of what a gentleman was. Although he cannot articulate whether he has this desire to spite her or to gain her over, this fervent urge dictates the direction of his life. He becomes imprisoned into a superficial and narrow be. cf that a gentleman is someone with wealth, status and learning, and will go to any lengths to achieve this aim, albeit rejecting Joe and Biddy. Pip gains his great expectations frorn Magwitch, and although he was metaphorically imprisoned by Magwitchs exploitation of him to revenge the class system- Pip had already begun to laud the false values of gentilify. Pip could have used Magwitchs money to become a member of the upper class, but still retain qualities of kindness and compassion (like Herbert. Inste ad, Pip becomes locked into the world of lavish expenditure, greed and corruption. Despite his unhappiness, shown clearly the Finch Club there was a gay fiction that we were constantly enjoying ourselves, and a skeleton of truth that we never did, it takes him many years and trials to free himself from this elusive self imposed prison. Despite the guilt that he feels, he still manages to justify his treatment of Joe because the prison he has created for himself is so difficult to break out of. Miss Havisham is the epitome of the devastating consequences of creating ones own prison. After being swindled and left at the alter, Miss Havisham is so emotionally ruined that she creates her own virtual and rnetaphorical prison. She confines herself to her mansion, which had a great many iron confines bars to it,, and tells Pip that she had never seen the sun since you were born. But she also confines her mind to the idea of revenge for her broken heart by adopting the olphaned Estella and raising her purely as an instrument to wreak havoc in the hearts of men. Miss Havisham creates her own prison to revenge all males, and this prison envelops her existence. So consumed by hatred, Miss Havishams heart begins to decay, as is symbolic in her surroundings covered in dust and mould and dropping to peices, as well as her spider infested rotten wedding cake. Like Pip, it takes Miss Havisham many yearsand much suffering to understand that she was actually imprisoned. The turning point for her came when she realised that Estella could not lover her because I stole her heart away and put ice in its place. Pip acknowledges that Miss Havishams imprisonment of Estella was a greivous thing but recognised that her own seclusion from the world and from the healing influcences to her mind and broken heart were infinitely worse. Conversly, Magwitch is a prisoner of the penal system. Although he committed a crime that saw him placed in a jail, Magwitch did not create this prison because he was forced into imprisonment by the authorities, and was basically fo rced to commit crime in order to survive. His imprisonment was not a conscious choice, as was Pip and Miss Havishams, and unlike the others, Magwitch was well aware of this imprisonment. Despite his loss of freedom and years immersed in sub-human conditions, his mental imprisonment in the need to revenge Compeyson and class system, which he creates for himself, has the most damaging effect on his life. After escaping from the prison ship, Magwitch could have been free had it not been for his revenge upon Compeyson. Because of these acitons, Magwitch finds himself again imprisoned and sent for life to Australia. Again, it was his self-imposed imprisonment that caused the most damage. Magwitch spends most of his time in Australia working to convert Pip into a gentleman to revenge the class system, instead of just forgetting his past and moving on with his life. He even goes so far as to come back to Englas to see my gentleman, and is consequently sentenced to death for returning. Through the stories of Pip, Miss Havisham and Magwitch, Dickens is clearly expressing that the worst prisons are those we create for ourselves, as their damage is subtle to the victim who may be unaware of their existence.

Lung Cancer A Common Malignant Disease - 794 Words

Introduction Lung cancer is a very common malignant disease around the world, which is mainly caused by long-term exposure to tobacco smoke (85% of all cases). [1] It is reported by WHO that, globally in 2012, 1.8 million people suffered from lung cancer, and 1.6 million patients died of lung cancer. [2] In cancer-related death all around the world, lung cancer ranks the top in men and second in women, only after breast cancer. [3] Statistically, 17.4% of lung cancer patients in the United States only have five-year survival after the diagnosis, and the average survival rate is even worse in the developing countries. [4] There are three main types of lung cancer, knowing as non-small cell lung cancer, small cell lung cancer, and lung carcinoid tumor. Among them, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common one, which covers about 85% to 90% of lung cancer cases. [5] There are several common therapies for NSCLC, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. And the choice of therapy or therapies is based on lung cancer staging, which represents the degree of metastasis of tumor cells. [6] Usually, the TNM classification is used to evaluate NSCLC staging. This classification is based on the size of the primary tumor, whether lymph node is involved, and how about the degree of metastasis. [7] Generally, for early-stage NSCLC, the combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy is the most common and efficient treatment. However, for advancedShow MoreRelatedCancer : The Leading Cancer Killer1159 Words   |  5 PagesEveryone in the world today has been impacted by cancer i n some way. Lung cancer is the leading cancer killer in both men and women in the United States. In 1987, it surpassed breast cancer to become the leading cause of cancer deaths in women. Lung cancer causes more deaths than the next three most common cancers combined (colon, breast and pancreatic). 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This investigation into the cancer touches on many different subjects that include: the history of the disease and how it came to be so prevalent, it’s cellular origins, how it is diagnosed within a patient, the different treatments used to fight it, and the survival rates for people with any sort of lung cancer. The paper also goes in depth about the use of x-rays and how they are used to find lung cancer. There are many resourcesRead MoreCommon Risk Factors For Cancer Essay1104 Words   |  5 PagesBone Cancer Cancer is a disease caused by uncontrollable division of abnormal cells in a part of the body. Cancer cells are normal cells mutated. Like a normal cell, about to go into the cell division cycle they grow very large. It becomes different when it divides into two but both of them stay alive. 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Some of the cells then separate and spread into the tissues without stopping. Cancer can start anywhere in the body, the human body has trillions of cells, and when cells grow they get replaced with new ones. But when cancer starts the process of replacing old cells with new ones stops. When the cells get damaged or grow old new cells grow, but sometimes the cells aren’tRead MoreCancer And The Second Point1432 Words   |  6 PagesSince the beginning of time cancer has had a major impact on the world, from your love ones or your self slowly dying from it. What is Cancer, where did it come from, how did we as humans get it? Who does it affect? Are there different types of cancer? Can I get cancer? These are just some questio ns that can go through a persons mind just thinking about cancer or seeing it in the media. The Definition of cancer is a disease caused by an uncontrolled division of abnormal cells in a part of the body

The Difference Between Civil Law and Criminal Law Free Essays

Student Handout 3. 1 – The Difference Between Civil Law and Criminal Law When is a legal problem criminal and when is it civil? What difference does it make whether it is criminal or civil? One way of looking at criminal law is that it is dealing with something of public interest. For example, the public has an interest in seeing that people are protected from being robbed or assaulted. We will write a custom essay sample on The Difference Between Civil Law and Criminal Law or any similar topic only for you Order Now These are legal problems that fall into the criminal law. Criminal law involves punishing and rehabilitating offenders, and protecting society. Since the public has an interest in having criminal law, we give the government the power to put it in place and enforce it. The police and Crown Prosecutors are hired by the government to put the criminal law into effect. Public funds are used to pay for these services. If you are the victim of a crime, you report it to the police and they have the responsibility to investigate. They arrest and charge the suspect. In most cases, if a charge has been properly laid and if there is evidence supporting it, the Crown Prosecutor, not the person who complains of the incident, prosecutes it in the courts. This is called a system of public prosecutions. Long ago the person who had been wronged prosecuted the case. The power to prosecute privately remains, but is used rarely now. Even if a person starts a prosecution privately, the Attorney General has the power to take over the prosecution of the case. As a victim, you do not have to be responsible for enforcing the law. The police and Crown Prosecutor do their jobs for the public at large, not for you personally. In a criminal case, the Crown prosecutor must prove the defendant’s guilt â€Å"beyond a reasonable doubt. † This means that at the end of a trial the judge or jury can only find the defendant guilty if they are left without a reasonable doubt about the defendant’s guilt. In other words, there is no logical or rational reason to doubt the defendant’s guilt. This is not the case in civil law. Civil law is about private disputes etween individuals or between individuals and organizations. Civil matters include areas such as contract law, family law, tort law, property law and labour law. The person suing for a wrong has the burden of proving their case on a â€Å"balance of probabilities. † This means that a judge or jury must believe their story and evidence more than the defendant’s version. They do not need to be convinced beyond a reasonable doubt . Civil disputes usually involve some harm, loss or injury to one party or their property. Unlike criminal law; however, civil law is primarily involved with compensating victims. If a civil action is successful, the defendant will be responsible for the wrongful action. While a defendant in a criminal case may be found â€Å"guilty† or â€Å"not guilty,† a defendant in a civil case is said to be â€Å"liable† or â€Å"not liable† for damages. If you have a civil law problem, you have to take action yourself if you want to get a legal remedy. You can hire a private lawyer, and you will have to pay the expenses of pursuing the matter. For example, if you hire someone to paint your house and they do a poor job, it is a dispute between you and the painter. The police do not get involved. If you want to sue the painter for breach of contract, it is your responsibility to do so. Sometimes criminal law is referred to as part of our public law because it applies to all Canadians and regulates relationships within our society. Similarly, civil law is sometimes referred to as private law because it regulates private relationships between individuals in our society. How to cite The Difference Between Civil Law and Criminal Law, Essay examples

Case Study of Australian Tourism Export Council

Question: Discuss about theCase Study of Australian Tourism Export Council. Answer: Introduction According to an old saying that reputation is everything in any sort of business. It is said that it takes years to build any type of business but it takes only a few seconds to lose it. While putting together a PR plan the person must be specific. Reality is the basic priority. The first thing to prepare is the budget. The budget is something that that has to be sorted out. The PR can write a huge plan. But it is the client who decides the structure of the whole just because they are spending the whole money (Hendrix, Hayes Kumar, 2012). Thus the important factor is to know that how much money is available in order to do the job. It can be said that in case of running out of money the PR can obviously spend their time. But before leaping into the business it ismost important to know what is more essential, the money or the time. Australian Tourism Export Council has conducted a PR campaign, and to mitigate the PR issues of the same. An action plan is said to be that plan which is mainly used for those who does what and when. Most of the PR plans follow certain rules which must be followed in order to carry forward the task. They can be summarized as follows (Dowling Moran, 2012): Problem Statement PR issues has certain problem that should be sorted out in order to prepare a full fledged program in a more specific way. SMART Objectives SMART objectives are mainly said to be different versions of this view which mainly deals with certain perspectives of the program. SMART deals with certain viws like: (Edwards, 2012) SPECIFIC- It is very much important to define the basic goal of the program. The main aim is to bring up a healthy relation with the customers and to achieve new customer. Not only that it specifies the number of customers that has increased in recent years. MEASURABLE- In this section it follows that how the PR campaign will deal with all the problems in a certain span of time. The basic growth of customer is the actual aim to measure in respect of the company. A time span of approximate 6 months can be taken in order to resolve all the issues. ATAINABLE- It is nothing but the ability to complete the objectives with a certain amount of time. Whether the issues can be mitigated during that span of time is the main concern of the PR. Not only that if the objective that has been set out is complex it can be broken down into smaller pieces for more accessible with the aim. To be more effective it is very much important to create a fragmented part of it. Next step is to conduct interview for the very first release. Two press releases which are in the per month basis. Writing two press releases per month is a broad task. Thus the breaking of the term is to will heal this problem. REALISTIC- To be realistic means that to be honest with the given objective setting. To be more realistic is to achieve the project deadline. News that has been given has to be set up with grave realism. Enough numbers of press releases, should be met (Smith, 2012). When the task in a broader sense then two press releases are not enough to meet the requirement.Certain questions should be asked like: Do they have enough numbers of information in order to cover the whole press meeting or not. TIME BASED- This mainly deals with the objective of giving a certain time or date. When a PR is more specific with the deadline it is better. The time period that has to be achieved for campaign is for around a period of 6 months. ( Parente Strausbaugh-Hutchinson, 2014). Actually there is a lot of difference between what the PR thinks along with how the work has been done fnally. Any task or project management will encourage so that the deadlines can be set properly. Thus in the above discussion it has clearly stated the basics of the PR issues that should be sorted out in order to prepare a full sorted PR campaign. Target Audiences The kind of people that the company wants to meet. Certain target audiences should be at first identified in order to mitigate the PR issues (Parente Strausbaugh-Hutchinson, 2014). Three oganisations that can be identified as the target groups are the hospitality sector, the e-commerce sector and the gamming sector. Specific Needs of Target Audience Some of the basics of the target groups are described below: Hospitality Sector- Most of the hotel groups makes a grave mistake of ignoring the PR segment. They mainly fail to appreciate the basic importance of the communication system that carries the rand imge. As a the hospitality sector fails to decide the importance of public relation to be critical (Kunczik, 2016). An international PR firm will lead the travel campaigns for branded multi-national motel companies, world class spas and also destination resort. Ecommerce- It operates a highly competitive markets and the clients rely mainly on building and managing their reputations more effectively. Not only that they corporate campaigns in order to strengthen the confidence of the investors and also the boost the sales(Hendrix, Hayes Kumar, 2012). Gamming- The PR of the whole of video gamming market has changedin a great deal. They are mainly targeting the potential customers through their daily life like at work, at home and even through the gammimg apps(Kunczik, 2016 ). Ethical Problems A conflict of interest is basically a situation where an organization or person is involved in financial or multiple interests. It can be said as that it can always be discovered before the occurrence of any sort of corruption.(Cornelissen, 2014) According to a definition it can be said as A confict of interest is nothing but a set of circumstances that creates risk. The conflict of interest can be divided into two genres. They are the primary and secondary interests, the integrity of research, duties of public office. Primary interest is said to be the principal goals of any activity like the health of patients, the protection of clients, and integrity of any research. While the secondary interest mainly includes the financial gain which are required for the advancement not only that conflict of interest focuses on the financial relationships.(Tumber, 2013). They are not wrong but it becomes objectionable when they becomes more important than the primary interests. Whether the word conflict in the conflict of interest exist or not is basically influenced by the secondary interest. It will exist only if the circumstances are believed through the past experience in order to create a risk that can be influenced by the secondary interest. Justification The basic of any organization is its PR programme. Thus the PR programme of Hospitality is nothing but to mitigate the basic problems with their required clients. It mainly helps with the hospitality body as well as the target of the governing body to communicate with the clients more easily. Not only that the basic of any sector is the PR of that particular sector. Here the hospitality sector provides with mainly the idea of the betterment for the PR campaign in order to select the programme. Most of the idea is to select a justifiable field to describe the given fields. And the fields chosen has been the best choice that can justify the whole campaign. References Cornelissen, J. (2014).Corporate communication: A guide to theory and practice. Sage. Dowling, G., Moran, P. (2012). Corporate reputations.California Management Review,54(2), 25-42. Edwards, L. (2012). Defining the objectof public relations research: A new starting point.Public Relations Inquiry,1(1), 7-30. Hendrix, J. A., Hayes, D. C., Kumar, P. D. (2012).Public relations cases. Cengage Learning. Hendrix, J. A., Hayes, D. C., Kumar, P. D. (2012).Public relations cases. Cengage Learning. Kunczik, M. (2016).Images of nations and international public relations. Routledge. Parente, D., Strausbaugh-Hutchinson, K. (2014).Advertising campaign strategy: A guide to marketing communication plans. Cengage Learning. Parente, D., Strausbaugh-Hutchinson, K. (2015).Planning and managing public relations campaigns: A strategic approach. Kogan Page Publishers. Smith, R. D. (2012).Strategic planning for public relations. Routledge. Tumber, H. (2013).Media power, professionals and policies. Routledge.

Business Perspective Course & Instructor Overall

Question: Discuss about theBusiness Perspective for Course Instructor Overall. Answer: Introduction Robert Collier quotes that Success is the sum of small efforts, repeated day out day in encouraged me to complete my daily work in GB500 Business Perspective, this course in fact helped me to succeed. Currently, I am working at Sea World Resort as a Room attendant and I am using many of the lessons learned during this course in my day to day life. By the help of this reflective essay I would get a chance to look upon all that I have learned and accomplished during the course GB500 Business Perspective, which falls under 2016 semesters. This reflective essay will showcase my expectations that I had from the course, the problems that I faced, and strategies followed by me many more this that I have learned during this course. Additionally, this paper will include my opinions thoughts of the assignment, course instructor overall. (Tuchman, 2011) Analysis This part of the paper will include all the crucial information that I want to share about my participation in GB500 Business Perspective this fall 2016 semester. My Expectations When we start a new course, there are always some expectations that one would always have. Students either act defensive to change or embrace the new situation. I really didnt have any what to expect from this course, however I was ready to embrace it. (Pyle, 2010) When I entered the classroom very 1st day, I was delighted to see that it was a quite big class where each of us could work on our dedicated systems. As the tutor/instructor started to go over the class events, I was quite excited and happy to see that there was a systematized course website, which allowed us to study each assignment before we start working on it. Also, the fact that this module was a Business Perspective course; I did not have any idea what should I expect. Throughout the major business studies courses that I have taken, I had a basic idea of business, how it operates and what are the different types of companies or business. With all my previous business studies course experience, I expected to participate in activities such as: Real life business experiences Case studies on business management Insight on how companies work and operate. Before starting any coursework, like others I also had few questions in my mind as to what should I expect in this Business Perspective course. Like: What would be my tutor (Name) be like? Would there be a lot of homework assigned? How many papers were expected to be written? Will there be group activities or individual tasks? As the Business Perspective class took off, soon I started getting answers to my questions about my set expectations. Now the expectations were becoming clearer, as I found out things like: My tutor (Name) was well prepared willing to help all the students. Business Perspective module followed an agenda with definite number of assignments Substantial amount of time would be given to complete the assignments. We had full rights to choose our own peer groups to complete the group activities. As this module moved ahead, many of my outlooks of a normal Business Studies class were exceeded. This Business Perspective course included quite more than basic business definitions, basic idea on business operations. I knew I was in for a challenge; however I was quite ready to face these challenges. (Srensen, 2012) It is very difficult to understand certain things until you rally undergo it. The Business Perspective course has made us learn and summary of the course is starting a business, i.e. Entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship is one of such thing that one cannot learn until he/she undergoes to it. Its not an easy task to learn business. Maybe reading and education about it develops the knowledge but one will never learn until they run their won. Though I did not get a chance to run my own business however, I got a wonderful chance of working at Sea World Resort as a Room attendant and got an exposure how actually hotels operates, with the knowledge gained from this course I was able to relate and apply the concepts learned in the classroom. (Parker, 2008) Learning Applying The objective of this course module was to assist students in getting an understanding insight of starting running a venture. Business Perspective course furthermore helped us in enlightening a sense of team spirit through creativity, time management teamwork through the development of a distinctive business. Through this reflective paper I would be deliberating my experience during this course in regards to my skills, attitude knowledge which I have grasped applying in my current role at Sea World Resort. (Osterwalder Pigneur, 2014) The long term goal I have set for myself or rather I would say my dream is to be an entrepreneur start my own venture. Hence, this course has undeniably helped me in mounting my skills entrepreneur understanding such as developing an innovative idea, developing a business plan, assessing the risks to its application discovering the essential business functional areas for successfully managing a venture. (Srensen, 2012) Course teaching began with ascertaining a good business idea. During the course I got to learn and realized that in order to become a great entrepreneur, there should always be a unique/innovative idea. In todays world where there are already countless services products available, one might consider that searching for a new or innovative idea will be a quite challenging job. Though, the business perspective course has imparted me that we can create an innovative business idea by properly observing. By observing the surroundings, businesses environment carefully, I would be able to recognize the problems hence built solutions, ideas new easier ways of performing those things. (McQuarrie, 2006) Apart from observations, the fundamental to innovation for entrepreneurship is gained by experimenting, networking questioning. Questioning provokes fresh possibilities, connections, insights directions; through networking entrepreneur gets new views ideas from individuals having different perspectives backgrounds; on the other hand experimenting prompts new ideas leading to innovations. (Greenstreet, 2005) The other important aspect of this module apart from learning ways to produce solutions innovative ideas is the knowledge importance of conducting Macro environment analysis and the PESTEL analysis that would assist to brand market the business idea efficiently. It is also important to conduct a feasibility study or market research in order to gain information about the market, competition consumer preferences. Conducting thee analysis is one of the most stimulating jobs that are tackled while formulating a business plan. I gained some knowledge on types of market research; mainly there are 2 kinds of market research that are primary secondary research. Primary research is grounded on gathering info data from potential customers via interview, questionnaires surveys, whereas secondary research data is done via target segmenting conducting competitors analysis. The data collected from these sources i.e. primary and secondary will enable us to build strategies, define the product its pricing determine the business target market. The market research outcome helps in shaping guiding the rest of the business plan. (George Jones, 2009) The other significant expertise that I gained through this module is working in teams and importance of team work. This program made me learn how to deal with people and how to work with people from different background culture. Since most of the exercises requisite the tasks to be completed in groups, it has nurtured a sense of team spirit amongst the class mates. I have learned skills knowledge to work grow efficiently excellently in a group of diverse people team. This was one of the most important and resourceful lesson that I have learned because in my current role at Sea World, I have to work with a team and need to daily deal with them. From collecting ideas, selecting a technique to approach the project delegating the work between the team members, I learnt to listen, appreciate respect suggestions given by everyone. Initially it was quite challenging to work with people from diverse background culture. Besides this there were problems of searching a time-slot for the team tasks because everybody had their own schedules. Though all our group members were motivated to work together to attain a set goal. (Srensen, 2012) The other skill I gained during this module was time management prioritizing the work, especially when it comes to meeting the deadlines. Though, management of time has always been an area that I have always strained to bring improvement on. Business Perspective course has trained me how time consuming is preparing a business model (Gerber, 2009). In order to design a business model it is very important to prepare a business plan which consists of proper market industry analysis at macro and micro level, the PESTEL framework, Porters five force model, organizational design, GAP analysis, the value system, building corporate business strategies, developing vision statement, mission statement deciding goals objectives, doing a SWOT analysis and many other activities. This, I have gained knowledge to prioritize my work. (Srensen, 2012) Apart from the above skills, I have gained some expertise on my presentation skills. This course has assisted me in boosting my presentation skills, as I have to persuade sell my business idea. Moreover, within the restricted time to present a complete business plan, I gained to sensibly pick crucial material to present in order to a deliver my business plan presentation short, simple crisp, because detailed explanations will not going to excite the investors. In order to pitch or present a business plan, its important to electrify the stakeholders with the big idea; however it should still be realistic, responsible, and also reasonable with financial forecasts. Pitching ones own idea plays a crucial role in grabbing other people attention on the business. I have learned to develop my ideas post them in a way so that the vital factors are conversed. I realized that presenting the key aspects is not the only thing vital but presenting them in an innovative energetic way is most cr ucial. (Varney, 2009) Above all these skills I was able groom my personality overall, i.e. I was able to gain personality development through this module. This course has helped me in developing my communication skills as well my confidence level, which is now helping me a lot in my current role at Sea World Resorts, as I am able to present myself confidently and convince others about my idea, because of this course I got opportunity to meet different people and develop ones behavior character. Communication also plays an important role, as now I can confidently speak to as many customers I could reach. (Brown, 2009) Future Prospect / Conclusion Business Perspective course was definitely one of the most productive courses that I have studied till now, as this course provided me with a great experience. I have expanded a lot of insights knowledge for starting-up managing a business. The module has helped me in realizing an entrepreneur in me. Starting running a venture has always been something that I would like to endeavor in future. Besides this, the course has assisted me in developing all the required skills to be a successful entrepreneur. Experience is the best lesson for everyone to learn from this Business perspective course has provided me the best experience. I got a chance to improve my analytical research skills, also time management skills to an extent, that will going to absolutely be helpful in my profession. Besides this I got to learn controlling my patience level ways of dealing with people from diverse background culture while working in teams. I also improved my presentation skills, developed my per sonality communication skills by presenting in front of group of different people. This module moreover nurtured creativity in me through development of a unique business idea. In future, I dream to setup my own social enterprise. Through my experience of working on ideas in this module, I consider this would surely assist me in analyzing the need coming up with the finest business model that will benefit the society through its service. Overall the Business Perspective course was fruitful and a great course, as it has helped me in recapping many other courses that I have gone through until now like finance accounts, operations management human resource management. Therefore, in one word I will conclude by saying this module is the life time experience I have got I praise myself on opting for this module. I would like to thank my course instructor all the fellow class mates for making my experience delightful. (Ries, E., (2011). References Srensen, Hans Eibe (2012) Business Development: A Market-Oriented Perspective. Wiley, A John Wiley and Sons, Ltd, Publication Dyer, J. H., Gregerson, H. B., Christensen, C. M. (2011) The Innovators DNA: Mastering the Five Skills of Disruptive Innovators. Boston, Massachusetts: Harvard Business Press McQuarrie, E. F. (2006) The Market Research Toolbox: A Concise Guide for Beginners. California: Sage Publications, Inc. Parker, Glenn.M,(2008). Team Player team Work, John Wiley Sons Tuchman, B.C., (2011), Development sequences in small groups, PsychologicalBulletin,vol.3, no.6, pp.384--à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 99 Varney, G. H. (2009). Building productive teams: An action guide and resource George Jones (2009). Essentials of Contemporary Management (4th Ed.). New York, New York: McGraw-Hill-Irwin. Brown, T., (2009).Change by design : how design thinking transforms organizations and inspires innovation. New York: New York : Harper Business. Ries, E., (2011).The lean startup : how constant innovation creates radically successful businesses.London: London : Portfolio Penguin. Osterwalder, A., Pigneur, Y., (2014), Value Proposition Design: How to Create Products and Services Customers Want , Hoboken : John Wiley Sons, New Jersey. Greenstreet, K. (2005) Ground Truth and the Importance of Market Research.PassionForBusiness.com. [WWW] Available from: https://www.passionforbusiness.com/articles/ground-truth.htm Pyle, Lesley. S. (2010) How to Do Market Research.Entrepreneur.com[WWW] Available from:https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/217345 Gerber, S. (2009) 6 Steps to the Perfect Pitch Pitching Your Business. Entrepreneur.com[WWW] Available from: https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/201826